Eating less late at night may help curb the concentration and alertness deficits that accompany sleep deprivation, according to results of a study from researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania that was presented at SLEEP 2015.

“Adults consume approximately 500 additional calories during late-night hours when they are sleep restricted,” says the study’s senior author David F. Dinges, PhD, director of the Unit for Experimental Psychiatry and chief of the division of Sleep and Chronobiology, in a release. “Our research found that refraining from late-night calories helps prevent some of the decline those individuals may otherwise experience in neurobehavioral performance during sleep restriction.”

The study (Abstract #0317) gave 44 subjects, ages 21 to 50, unlimited access to food and drink during the day, followed by only 4 hours of sleep each night for 3 nights. On the fourth night, 20 participants received continued access to food and drinks, while the 24 others were allowed only to consume water from 10 PM until they went to sleep at 4 AM.

At 2 AM each night, all subjects completed a variety of tests to measure their working memory, cognitive skills, sleepiness, stress level, and mood.

During the fourth night, subjects who fasted performed better on reaction time and attention lapses than subjects who had eaten during those late-night hours. In addition, subjects who ate showed significantly slower reaction times and more attention lapses on the fourth night of sleep restriction compared to the first 3 nights whereas study subjects who had fasted did not show this performance decline.

The new study results serve as a bookend to other research on the links between eating and sleep deprivation. A 2013 study from the same Penn team found that individuals with late bedtimes and chronic sleep restriction may be more susceptible to weight gain due to the increased consumption of calories during late-night hours.

The research team also includes Andrea Spaeth, PhD, and Namni Goel, PhD.

The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01 NR004281, F31 AG044102); the Penn Clinical and Translational Research Center (UL1RR024134); and the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (Award No. N00014-11-1-0361).

In a related study (Abstract #0332), the same team of Goel, Spaeth, and Dinges, found that adults who are chronically sleep restricted may need to compensate for decreased morning resting metabolic rate by reducing caloric intake or increasing physical activity to prevent weight gain. That research was led by senior author Namni Goel, PhD, a research associate professor of psychology in Psychiatry and the Unit for Experimental Psychiatry.

“Short sleep duration is a significant risk factor for weight gain and obesity, particularly in African Americans and men,” Goel says. “This research suggests that reducing the number of calories consumed can help prevent that weight gain and some of the health issues associated with obesity in Caucasians and particularly in African Americans.”

In the study, 36 healthy adults, ages 21 to 50, slept for their usual amount for two nights. Next, they spent 4 hours in bed each night for 5 nights, followed by one night of 12 hours of recovery sleep. The control group of 11 subjects received 10 hours in bed each night for 6 nights. Resting metabolic rate, or measure of the amount of energy used in a relaxed condition, and respiratory quotient, or the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide to oxygen used in a time period, were measured after overnight fasting.

In the experimental group, resting metabolic rate decreased after 5 nights of sleep restriction and returned to baseline levels after recovery sleep. No changes in resting metabolic rate were observed in control subjects. In the experimental group, African Americans exhibited comparable daily caloric intake relative to Caucasians, but a lower resting metabolic rate and higher respiratory quotient.

The study was supported by National Institutes of Health (R01 NR004281, F31 AG044102); the Penn Clinical Translational Research Center (UL1RR024134); and the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (Award No. N00014-11-1-0361).

The team present its findings at SLEEP 2015.

Disclosure: Dinges is compensated by the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC, for serving as editor and chief of SLEEP.