Researchers at Imperial College London have embedded new low-cost sensors that monitor breathing, heart rate, and ammonia (indicative of liver/kidney function) into clothing items such as t-shirts and face masks. Potential applications range from monitoring sleep, exercise, and stress to diagnosing and monitoring disease through breath and vital signs.
Spun from a new Imperial-developed cotton-based conductive thread called PECOTEX, the sensors cost just $0.15 for a meter of thread to seamlessly integrate more than 10 sensors into clothing. PECOTEX is compatible with industry-standard computerized embroidery machines.
“The flexible medium of clothing means our sensors have a wide range of applications. They’re also relatively easy to produce which means we could scale up manufacturing and usher in a new generation of wearables in clothing,” says Fahad Alshabouna, a PhD candidate at Imperial’s Department of Bioengineering and first author of the journal article published in Materials Today.
The research team embroidered the sensors into a face mask to monitor breathing, a t-shirt to monitor heart activity, and textiles to monitor gasses like ammonia (a component of the breath that can be used to track liver and kidney function). The ammonia sensors were developed to test whether gas sensors could also be manufactured using embroidery.
“We demonstrated applications in monitoring cardiac activity and breathing, and sensing gasses,” Alshabouna says. “Future potential applications include diagnosing and monitoring disease and treatment, monitoring the body during exercise, sleep, and stress, and use in batteries, heaters, anti-static clothing.”
Wearable sensors, like those on smartwatches, let us continuously monitor our health and wellbeing noninvasively. Until now, however, there has been a lack of suitable conductive threads, which explains why wearable sensors seamlessly integrated into clothing aren’t yet widely available.
Enter PECOTEX. Developed and spun into sensors by Imperial researchers, the material is machine washable, and is less breakable and more electrically conductive than commercially available silver-based conductive threads, meaning more layers can be added for to create complex types of sensor.
Lead author Firat Guder, PhD, also of the Department of Bioengineering, says in a release, “PECOTEX is high-performing, strong, and adaptable to different needs. It’s readily scalable, meaning we can produce large volumes inexpensively using both domestic and industrial computerized embroidery machines.”
“Our research opens up exciting possibilities for wearable sensors in everyday clothing. By monitoring breathing, heart rate, and gasses, they can already be seamlessly integrated, and might even be able to help diagnose and monitor treatments of disease in the future.”
Next the researchers will explore new application areas like energy storage, energy harvesting, and biochemical sensing, as well as finding partners for commercialization.
This study was funded by the Saudi Ministry of Education, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, part of the UKRI), Cytiva, Imperial’s Department of Bioengineering, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the US Army.
